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Most of this article is about heads of state. For more on other kinds of presidents, see #Non-governmental presidents, below. For more on the usage of term "president", see President (history of the term). For the card game, see President (game). For the Animaniacs song, see The Presidents (song). For presidencies in colonial India during the British Raj, see Presidencies of British India. For the soul group, see The Presidents (band).
President is a
title held by many leaders of organizations,
company, trade unions, university, and country.
Etymology, a "president" is one who
Wiktionary:Preside, who sits in leadership (from Latin
prae- "before" +
sedere "to sit"; giving the term
praeses). Originally, the term referred to the presiding officer of a ceremony or meeting (i.e.
chairman); but today it most commonly refers to an official with
executive (government) powers.
Among other things,
president today is a common title for the
head of state of most republics, whether popularly election, chosen by the legislature or a special electoral college. It is also often adopted by
dictators.
Presidential symbols
As the country's head of state, in most countries the president is entitled to certain symidents, have a prestigious residence; often a lavish mansion or palace, sometimes more than one (e.g. summer and winter residence, country retreat) - for a list see Official residence.
Furthermore in some nations the Presidency enjoys certain symbols of office, such as an official uniform, decorations, a presidential seal, coat of arms, flag and other visible accessories; military honours such as gun salutes,
Ruffles and flourishes, and a presidential guard. A common presidential symbol is the presidential sashes worn by
Latin American presidents as a symbol of the presidency's continuity, and presenting the sash to the new presAs other countries followed the American Revolution, and deposed their monarchies,
president was commonly adopted as the title for the new republican heads of state. The first European president was the president of France, a post created in the
Second French Republic of 1848. (The First French Republic had begun with no separate executive, then established five
French Directory, and finally echoed the ancient Roman Republic by appointing three consuls at its head.)
Sub-national presidents
President can also be the title of the chief executive at a lower administrative level, such as the
Parish Presidents of the
parishes of the U.S. state of Louisiana, the presiding member of city council for villages in the U.S. state of Illinois, or the municipal presidents of
Mexico's municipio (Mexico). Perhaps the best known sub-national presidents are the
borough presidents of the
borough (New York City) of
New York City.
== Non-governmental presidents ==
President is also used as a title in some non-governmental organizations.
Judiciary
France
In
France legal terminology, the president of a court consisting of multiple judges is the foremost judge; he chairs the meeting of the court and directs the debates (and this thus addressed as "Mr President",
Monsieur le Président, or appropriate feminine forms). In general, a court comprises several chambers, each with its own president; thus the most senior of these is called the "first president" (as in: "the First President of the
Court of Cassation (France) is the most senior judge in France"). Similarly in English legal practice the most senior judge in each division uses this title (e.g. President of the Family Division, President of the Court of Appeal).
Scotland
The
Lord President of the Court of Session is head of the judiciary in
Scotland, and presiding judge (and Senator) of the
College of Justice and
Court of Session, as well as being Lord Justice General of Scotland and head of the
High Court of Justiciary, the offices having been combined in 1836.
Other
The head of a university or non-profit corporation, particularly in the United States of America, is often known as president. In
university systems with multiple independent campuses, the relationship between the roles of University President and
chancellor (education) can become quite complicated. President is also a title in many corporations. In some cases the president acts as
chief operating officer under the direction of the
chief executive officer.
In British constitutional practice, the chairman of an Executive Council, acting in such a capacity, is known as a President of the Executive Council. Usually this person is the
Governor but is not always so.
Many other organisations, clubs, and committees, both political and non-political are led by Presidents as well. Examples can vary from the President of a political party, to the president of a chamber of commerce, to the President of a students' union and even the president of a
high school chess club.
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the head of the church is known as the President of the Church (Mormonism). Together with his two counselors, they are known as the First Presidency. This pattern is repeated throughout the church in Quorum (Mormonism) and in other bodies, each of which is led by a president. The
Methodist Church in the UK (and also other provinces) is led by the President of the Methodist Council, and assumes the role of leading minister and spokesperson.
Presidential chronologies of
United Nations member countries
Sources and additional reading
- The powers, functions and functioning of presidents were reviewed by six international experts for Australia's Republic Advisory Committee in 1993. Reports by among others Professor Klaus Von Beyme (on Germany), A.G Noorani (on India), Jim Duffy (author) (on Ireland) and Sir Ellis Clarke (on Trinidad and Tobago) outline the role of various presidencies. The full report is called An Australian Republic: The Options - The Appendices (ISBN 0-644-32589-5)
See also
References
Most of this article is about heads of state. For more on other kinds of presidents, see #Non-governmental presidents, below. For more on the usage of term "president", see President (history of the term). For the card game, see President (game). For the Animaniacs song, see The Presidents (song). For presidencies in colonial India during the British Raj, see Presidencies of British India. For the soul group, see The Presidents (band).
President is a title held by many leaders of
organizations, company,
trade unions, university, and country.
Etymology, a "president" is one who Wiktionary:Preside, who sits in leadership (from Latin
prae- "before" +
sedere "to sit"; giving the term
praeses). Originally, the term referred to the presiding officer of a ceremony or meeting (i.e. chairman); but today it most commonly refers to an official with
executive (government) powers.
Among other things,
president today is a common title for the head of state of most
republics, whether popularly election, chosen by the legislature or a special electoral college. It is also often adopted by
dictators.
Presidential symbols
As the country's head of state, in most countries the president is entitled to certain symidents, have a prestigious residence; often a lavish mansion or palace, sometimes more than one (e.g. summer and winter residence, country retreat) - for a list see Official residence.
Furthermore in some nations the Presidency enjoys certain symbols of office, such as an official uniform, decorations, a presidential seal, coat of arms, flag and other visible accessories; military honours such as
gun salutes, Ruffles and flourishes, and a presidential guard. A common presidential symbol is the
presidential sashes worn by
Latin American presidents as a symbol of the presidency's continuity, and presenting the sash to the new presAs other countries followed the
American Revolution, and deposed their monarchies,
president was commonly adopted as the title for the new republican heads of state. The first European president was the
president of France, a post created in the
Second French Republic of 1848. (The
First French Republic had begun with no separate executive, then established five French Directory, and finally echoed the ancient
Roman Republic by appointing three consuls at its head.)
Sub-national presidents
President can also be the title of the chief executive at a lower administrative level, such as the
Parish Presidents of the parishes of the
U.S. state of Louisiana, the presiding member of city council for villages in the
U.S. state of Illinois, or the municipal presidents of Mexico's municipio (Mexico). Perhaps the best known sub-national presidents are the
borough presidents of the
borough (New York City) of
New York City.
== Non-governmental presidents ==
President is also used as a title in some non-governmental organizations.
Judiciary
France
In France legal terminology, the president of a court consisting of multiple
judges is the foremost judge; he chairs the meeting of the court and directs the debates (and this thus addressed as "Mr President",
Monsieur le Président, or appropriate feminine forms). In general, a court comprises several chambers, each with its own president; thus the most senior of these is called the "first president" (as in: "the First President of the
Court of Cassation (France) is the most senior judge in France"). Similarly in English legal practice the most senior judge in each division uses this title (e.g. President of the Family Division, President of the Court of Appeal).
Scotland
The
Lord President of the Court of Session is head of the judiciary in Scotland, and presiding judge (and Senator) of the
College of Justice and Court of Session, as well as being Lord Justice General of Scotland and head of the
High Court of Justiciary, the offices having been combined in 1836.
Other
The head of a university or non-profit corporation, particularly in the United States of America, is often known as president. In
university systems with multiple independent campuses, the relationship between the roles of University President and chancellor (education) can become quite complicated. President is also a title in many corporations. In some cases the president acts as chief operating officer under the direction of the chief executive officer.
In British constitutional practice, the chairman of an Executive Council, acting in such a capacity, is known as a President of the Executive Council. Usually this person is the Governor but is not always so.
Many other organisations, clubs, and committees, both political and non-political are led by Presidents as well. Examples can vary from the President of a
political party, to the president of a
chamber of commerce, to the President of a students' union and even the president of a
high school chess club.
In
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the head of the church is known as the
President of the Church (Mormonism). Together with his two counselors, they are known as the
First Presidency. This pattern is repeated throughout the church in
Quorum (Mormonism) and in other bodies, each of which is led by a president. The Methodist Church in the UK (and also other provinces) is led by the President of the Methodist Council, and assumes the role of leading minister and spokesperson.
Presidential chronologies of United Nations member countries
Sources and additional reading
- The powers, functions and functioning of presidents were reviewed by six international experts for Australia's Republic Advisory Committee in 1993. Reports by among others Professor Klaus Von Beyme (on Germany), A.G Noorani (on India), Jim Duffy (author) (on Ireland) and Sir Ellis Clarke (on Trinidad and Tobago) outline the role of various presidencies. The full report is called An Australian Republic: The Options - The Appendices (ISBN 0-644-32589-5)
See also
References
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